thumb| Players using a dance mat to play Dance Dance Revolution, one of the most successful rhythm games.

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Rhythm game, or rhythm action, is a genre of music-themed, action video games. Games in the genre may be based around dancing, or simulate the playing of musical instruments. Players must press buttons at a precise time corresponding to a sequence dictated by the game. Doing so will cause the game's protagonist or avatar to dance or play their instrument correctly, thus achieving a greater score. Multiple players may play the game together, competing for the highest score, or cooperating to simulate a band playing together. While conventional control pads may be used as input devices, games often feature novel devices which emulate musical instruments. Dancing games sometimes require the player to physically dance on a mat, with pressure-sensitive pads acting as the input device.

The 1996 title PaRappa the Rapper has been deemed the first influential rhythm game, whose basic template forms the core of subsequent games in the genre. In 1997, Konami's Beatmania sparked an emergent market for rhythm games in Japan. The company's music division, Bemani, released a number of music games over the next several years. The most successful of these was dance mat game Dance Dance Revolution, which was also the only one to achieve large-scale success out with Japan. Imitators of the game began to flood the genre, until it was revitalized by Harmonix's Guitar Hero. The game was inspired by similar, earlier Japanese games, but Harmonix added rock music aimed at a Western audience. The success of the game revived the genre and spawned two hugely successful franchises in Guitar Hero and the later Rock Band. The success of both expanded the console video game market and its demographics, as well as providing a new source of revenue for artists whose music appeared on the soundtracks. Rhythm game is now (as of 2008) one of the most popular video game genres, behind other action games.

Definition and game design

thumb|200px| An electric guitar-themed rhythm game, illustrating the scrolling display used by the genre. Rhythm game, or rhythm action,^[1][2] is a subgenre of action game that challenges a player's sense of rhythm,^[3] and includes dance games such as Dance Dance Revolution^[3] and other music-based games such as Donkey Konga and Guitar Hero.^[3] These games challenge the player to press the right button at the right time: the screen shows which button the player should press next, and the game awards points for accuracy and being on the beat.^[3] The genre also includes games that measure both rhythm and pitch, in order to test a player's singing ability.^[4][5] In addition to rhythm, the occasional game may challenge the player to control their volume by measuring how hard they press each button.^[6] While songs can be sight read without having performed them before,^[7] players usually practice to master more difficult songs and settings.^[8] Other rhythm games offer a challenge similar to that of Simon says, where the player must watch, remember, and repeat complex sequences of button-presses.^[9]

The screen will display an avatar who performs in response to the player's button-presses.^[3] However, these graphical responses are usually in the background,^[6] and the avatar is less important to the player than it is to spectators.^[4] In single-player mode, the player's avatar will compete against a computer-controlled opponent, while multiplayer mode will allow two player-controlled avatars to compete head-to-head.^[3] The popularity of rhythm games has created a market for specialty input devices.^[3] These include a variety of controllers which emulate musical instruments, such as guitars, drums, or maracas.^[10] A dance mat, for use in dancing games, requires the player to step on pressure-sensitive pads.^[11] More conventional inputs, specifically control pads, may be used however.^[12]

History

Origins and popularity in Japan

thumb|Rhythm games employing electric guitar and drum input devices.

The genre has been traced back to the electronic game Simon,^[13][10] invented by Howard Morrison and Ralph Baer (the latter also invented the Magnavox Odyssey) in 1978. Players take turns repeating increasingly-complicated sequences of button presses and the game implemented the "call and response" mechanic used by later music video games.^[10] Dance Aerobics was released in 1987, and allowed players to create music by stepping on Nintendo's Power Pad peripheral. It has been called the first rhythm-action game in retrospect,^[14] although the later PaRappa the Rapper has also been credited as the first rhythm game,^[14][15] as well as one of the first music games in general.^[16] The game required players to press buttons corresponding to the order they appeared on-screen;^[15] this basic mechanic would form the core of future rhythm games.^[10] The success of PaRappa the Rapper sparked an emergent popularity of the music game genre.^[10] Unlike most other games in the genre, the game also featured a completely original soundtrack and an acclaimed plot.^[15] Konami's Beatmania, released in Japanese arcades in 1997, was a dj-themed rhythm game which featured buttons laid out like a keyboard along with a rubber pad emulating a record.^[17] The game was a surprise hit, inspiring Konami's Games and Music Division to change its name to Bemani in honor of the game,^[17] and to then begin experimenting with other rhythm games over the next few years.^[18] One of those successes,^[18] GuitarFreaks, featured a guitar-shaped controller. While the franchise continues to receive new arcade versions in Japan, it was never stongly marketed outside of the country, allowing Harmonix to capitalize on the formula several years later with the Western-targeted Guitar Hero.^[10] Similarly, DrumMania from 1999 used a drum kit controller and could be linked with GuitarFreaks for simulated jam sessions, several years before the concept appeared in Rock Band.^[10] 1998's Pop'n Music, a game similar to Beatmania, featuring multiple colorful buttons was also successful.^[19]

Dance Dance Revolution, released in 1998, was a rhythm game in which players danced on pressure sensitive pads, in the order dictated by on-screen instructions.^[11] The game was highly successful not only in Japan but globally, unlike games such as GuitarFreaks, DrumMania and Beatmania (though the latter had some success in Europe).^[20] Released the same year, Enix's Bust a Groove revolved around similar dancing themes to Dance Dance Revolution but employed a more conventional input method. The game featured competitive one-on-one "battles" and also allowed the player a greater degree of freedom than normally found in rhythm games.^[10][21]

Vib-Ribbon was released by NanaOn-Sha (the creator of PaRappa the Rapper) in 1999, and also eschewed instrument-shaped controllers. In this game, players had to manuever the protagonist through an obstacle course by pressing buttons at the correct time. These courses were generated dependant on the background music and players could load their own music to play along. While it was praised for its unique style and timeless artistry, its simple vector graphics proved difficult to market and the game was never afforded a release in North America.^[10][12] Bemani's Samba de Amigo, released in 1999 and on Dreamcast in 2000, featured maraca-shaped, motion sensor controllers. The game made use of "social gaming", allowing two player gameplay and providing a spectacle for onlookers.^[10][22] In 2001, Taiko no Tatsujin combined traditional Japanese drums with contemporary pop music, and became highly successful in Japanese arcades.^[23] The game was later released on consoles in the West (as Taiko Drum Master) and the franchise continues to receive new installments in Japan.^[10] Gitaroo Man featured a guitar-playing protagonist, 4 years before the release of Guitar Hero, though the game employed a conventional rather than guitar-shaped controller.^[10] Gitaroo Man's creator, Keiichi Yano, further created Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan, a rhythm game for the Nintendo DS utilizing its touchscreen features, which was a highly-demanded import title and lead to a sequel in Japan and a Western variation of the game in Elite Beat Agents.^[24]

Popularity in the West

Harmonix, a company formed from a computer music group at MIT in 1995, released Frequency in 2001. The game allowed the player to control multiple instruments and gave a greater feeling of creative control.^[25] The game was critically acclaimed, but its abstract style did not allow the player to give a "performance" as in other games and thus proved difficult to market.^[10] Harmonix later released more socially driven, karaoke-themed music games in Karaoke Revolution and SingStar (2003 and 2004 respectively).^[10] Donkey Konga, developed by Namco for Nintendo and released in 2003 (2004 in North America) achieved widespread success due to its use of Nintendo's Donkey Kong franchise.^[10]

[[File:RockBand2PAX.jpg|thumb|right|An impromptu group of Rock Band 2 players]] Guitar Hero, developed by Harmonix, was released in 2005 by then relatively unknown publisher RedOctane. The game was inspired by GuitarFreaks, but while the latter had used esoteric (to Westerners) Japanese pop music, Guitar Hero featured Western rock music. The game reinvigorated the rhythm genre which by this time had begun to stagnate, flooded with Dance Dance Revolution sequels and imitators.^[26][27] The game spawned several sequels, with the franchise earning more than $1 billion in sales; the third installment was the best-selling game in North America in 2007.^[28] Harmonix's later Rock Band franchise, which also earned in excess of $1 billion, used multiple instrument controllers and cooperative multiplayer, allowing players to play as a full band.^[29] The Guitar Hero franchise followed suit with Guitar Hero World Tour, developed by Neversoft rather than Harmonix.^[30] Guitar Hero installments based on specific bands, such as Metallica and Aerosmith, were subsequently published.^[31] Additional songs could be purchased via the internet and added to Guitar Hero and Rock Band games, generating further revenue.^[29][31] Artists whose works have been featured in the games have also benefited from royalties and increased publicity, in turn generating further sales of their work.^[29][31] The success of the Guitar Hero and Rock Band franchises widened the console video game market and its demographics, with the popularity of the music game driving increased sales of consoles.^[32] In 2008, it was reported that the music game had become the second most popular video game genre in the U.S. (behind action, having overtaken sports), with 53% of players being female.^[32]

References

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• Ashcraft, Brian, Arcade Mania! The Turbo-Charged World of Japan's Games Centers (Kodansha International, 2008)
• Rollings, Andrew & Adams, Ernest, Fundamentals of Game Design (Prentice Hall, 2006)

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